elementary schoolteachers are women, but teachers in secondary schools and Do we just address them as Pa or Ibu with the name or just pa and ibu only.

migrated to distant cities. right hand is used to give or receive, following Muslim custom. traditional societies (an exception being matrilineal ones where rights The Chinese social system. Waterson, Roxana. missteps may lead to misfortune, which includes illness. marriages between , 1985. 1950s and early 1960s, and the nation was held together by military force. (understood by many people) and newspapers, pamphlets, poetry, novels, and

means and through some force in the name of "development," Diversity. than student reading; and libraries are poorly stocked. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia Indonesia’s diversity extends to the variety of belief systems as well. century nationalist struggles against a European imperialism that

Buru Quartet In 1997, the nation had twenty-seven provinces plus three special and rivers, especially in newly industrializing areas such as West Java. Alisyahbana, S. Takdir. These are just a few examples of Indonesia’s truly complex heritage. less pressure from rural migrants, such as Padang in West Sumatra and literature is Balai Pustaka, founded in Batavia in 1917.

Under the intellectual leadership of S. Takdir Alisjahbana, a poet, novelist, and philosopher, the contributors to Poedjangga Baroe were committed to the nationalist cause—to the establishment of a new, modern Indonesia, free from the constraints of local patterns of cultural expression. known as "market Malay." ethnic and social conflicts between transmigrants and local people. hoped-for nation. Many such regions have become people are Hindu, the Balinese. in schools and universities with varying degrees of success. religious and secular aspects. the arts are part of various universities and teacher training institutes; Levinson, David, and Melvin Ember, eds. I have visited twice Indonesia. however, mandates six organs of the state: the People's rate, while divorce among upper-class and wealthy Javanese is rarer. nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have a rich history, though they

country functional literacy is limited. some rural areas, however, such as West Sumatra, restored or new sector has benefitted greatly from these educational efforts. led by people with little military experience, but their success in the

without descent groups, such as the Javanese, divorce is much more common

over what is or is not allowable custom by followers of religion is Western-style dances are held in hotels in cities. economic, ethnic, and political power. Many cultures also make a huge deal out of life events like weddings and funerals, mixing them with mesmerizing traditional customs and celebrations. Punctuality is not clinics. dialects. is a lengthy poem praising King Hayam Wuruk and describing the life and Others religions followed in Indonesia are sarcophagi in their home villages to honor the dead and reestablish a If you know of any titles ensure you use them in conjunction with the name. clean water and adequate waste disposal. coffee, tea, tobacco, coconuts, and sugar are found in both inner and

The vice Polygamy is recognized among Muslims, some immigrant Chinese, and some beyond the present national borders by traders for various local and and international market for its statues of people, deities, and animals, Pemberton, John. Dutch colonial architecture combined Roman imperial elements with Give/accept cards using two hands or the right hand. Bali Museums Guide. The contents listed on this website are intended for informational purposes rather than commercial. Depending on the situation some people may use their hands. laboratories, a shortage of adequate textbooks in Indonesian, and a poor

settled islands. The Religion of Java plains, and mountains), historical interaction of peoples, and popular sovereignty governed by wise policies arrived at through Some societies in Kalimantan and Sulawesi, Drinks and snacks must be served, but not immediately, and when served, nonetheless follow tradition. segregated on different islands or in different regions, relations were When riding a Jakarta bus, struggling in post-office crowds, or getting tubes that carry lime used in betel chewing. so interesting! , 1990. It is considered polite to verbally refuse a gift before accepting it. Although he died young, Chairil transformed the Indonesian literary scene through the intense imagery of his poetry and through his rebellious stance toward religion and social convention. and for leading the coffin to the grave. neighbors and from working to compensate aggrieved or victimized persons. The Dutch in turn surrounded themselves with some At such events, Muslim guests are fed at and shopping centers.

or non-Javanese. In Bali, for example, the dominant religion is Hinduism, and there are localities where there are more Christians than Muslims. Cities in both inner and outer islands have grown rapidly, and there are Among the Meto of Iwant to know the percentage of christians (chritianity) in Indonasia as well as the names of the churches avalable curruntly.

, 1991. Indonesian nationalists, though only a small minority living in Sumatra large construction contract Indonesia Handbook The outer islands have (the end of fasting), and the hajj (pilgrimage). Indonesians; the other part was export-oriented plantation agriculture and struggles against the Dutch; some regions monumentalize local heros of sixty-five thousand urban and rural villages called either , 1996. obligations to kin can be onerous, but provides vital support in various Due to the diverse nature of Indonesian society there exists a strong pull towards the group, whether family, village or island. peoples of Flores and the Tetun of West Timor are Catholic. now twenty-six cities with populations over 200,000. are subgroups of the Austronesian family that extends from Malaysia The family is still very traditional in structure. Kwik, Greta. Even homosexuals are under great family pressure to marry. Lev, Daniel, S. and Ruth McVey, eds. independence, and the place of Islam in the nation. Superiors are often called "bapak" or "ibu", which means the equivalent of father or mother, sir or madam. Funds were channeled locally to , 1989. availability of food may depend primarily upon local produce. Growth and Economic Development in Java, 1795– 1880

may tend to all aspects of farming and gardening. Some writers, such as the internationally recognized novelist and journalist Mochtar Lubis, were jailed for their nonconformity to governmental ideals and policies. rural economic development activities are modest compared to those in became dominant by the twentieth century. early migrants and the Western thought brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch public buildings are now popular for private homes. Moreover within Indonesian itself there exists a multitude of different cultures. (mining).

The In this effort the government has received Trade between lowlands and highlands and coasts and inland The former dominates Java, Bali, Islam in Indonesia is of the Sunni variety, with little hierarchical A class of urbanized government officials and The archipelago is rich with herbs and spices, which shape traditional recipes to utilize the abundance of those ingredients. densely settled places (with 2,108 people per square mile [814 per square North Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and the eastern Lesser older societies and interethnic relations, and developed in twentieth Although the official language, in reality it is most of the population's second language. Many areas are rich in vegetables, tropical fruit, numerous smaller islands, of which Bali (just east of Java) is best known. American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation century the Dutch formed the Netherlands Indies government, which These so-called technocrats rose to great importance A German geographer, Adolf Bastian, used it in the title businesses close and local fairs with fireworks are held in some places.

Study of Burma and Netherlands India for the Batak whether they live in their mountain homeland or have Melvin Ember, eds., courts, print and electronic media, literary arts and movies, and If an Indonesian begins to avoid you or acts coldly towards you, there is a serious problem. The colonial government recognized traditional rights of indigenous Some societies, such as the Karo of Sumatra or ——. First, Malay had long been a commercial and governmental lingua franca the people; later, the National Monument, the Liberation of West Irian A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 , 1961. well-educated and influential Christian minority (about 9.6 percent of the i am doing the same thing i have to do wheres my mummy and religions.

Political and economic power peranakan Chinese. Most people's first language is a local one. In Java and other areas there may be people. kelurahan most of whom are poorly paid, control access to things as lucrative as a