A meta-analysis of Asian studies using a random-effects estimate gave an estimate of 0.49% (95% CI, 0.23–0.76%) based on four cities: Bangkok; Seoul and Inchon, South Korea; and Hong Kong (HEI 2004). Finally, our analysis demonstrated an association between air pollution and mortality in a region that would not be confounded by cold weather and associated respiratory infections. For the most part, policy makers in Asia have had to draw from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. the implications for ecosystem services. Household air pollution exposure was defined as using biomass materials as the primary fuel source in the home. Because of several of these factors (although only anecdotal in nature), it is likely that the effective inhaled dose of any given concentration measured from a fixed site outdoor monitor is greater in Bangkok than in Western industrialized countries. While Indian authorities implemented several measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors over the last years, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration below the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3 across the country. Air pollution is a major contributor to the burden of lung disease in the AP region. We can speculate on several possible reasons for our findings, including a) differences in particle chemistry in Bangkok; b) the proximity of a large proportion of the population to roads and traffic congestion; c) the likely high penetration rates due to low prevalence of home air conditioning in favor of open ventilation between indoors and outdoors (Tsai et al. articles may not conform to Analysis by age indicated associations with PM10 for all of the subgroups, and our examination of lags indicated that multiday averages of 5 days generated the largest effect estimates. services (reduced growth of sensitive species influencing aesthetic qualities of vegetation), and ALRI, acute lower respiratory disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DALY, disability‐adjusted life year; PM, particulate matter; WHO, World Health Organization; YLL, years of life lost. Generally our analysis of PM10 per 10 μg/m3 in Bangkok generated effect estimates that are higher than most previously reported. 2000; Ostro et al. Pump flow and pressure measurements, temperature and RH, GPS coordinates and semi-quantitative continuous particle mass concentrations based on filter differential pressure are uploaded to a central server automatically whenever the mobile phone is connected to the internet, with sampled data automatically screened for quality control parameters. Objectives: Some of these estimates had very wide CIs, likely due to the small number of mortality counts for these outcomes. We obtained daily mortality data from the Ministry of Public Health, which currently uses the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) to categorize cause of death (WHO 1992). The collected data and resulting characterization of cooking area and personal PM2.5exposures in multiple rural communities from 10 countries will better inform exposure assessment as well as future epidemiologic analyses assessing the relationships between quantitative estimates of chronic HAP exposure with adult mortality and incident cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This will provide refined and more accurate exposure estimates in global CVD related exposure-response analyses. Among solid fuel users, use of ventilated cookstoves was also associated with lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (ARD, 33 [95% CI, −9 to 75]; HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.80-0.99]) and all-cause mortality (ARD, 87 [95% CI, 20-153]; HR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.85-0.96]).

HABs mostly occur in the transition time between winter and summer, during which northwest monsoon transport substantial aerosol (rich in phosphate, iron and other trace metals) to coastal waters, as revealed by chemical measurements, transmission electron microscope and electron microprober results. Consequently, most of the States cannot achieve significant improvements in their air quality and population exposure on their own without emission reductions in the surrounding regions, and any cost-effective strategy requires regionally coordinated approaches. Improvements in the mortality data collection system and air monitoring program in Bangkok provide an excellent opportunity to examine the effects of PM10 and several gaseous pollutants on daily mortality for the years 1997 through 2003.

It brings together information on future economic, energy and agricultural development, emission control potentials and costs, atmospheric dispersion and environmental sensitivities towards air pollution as shown in the SI (section S.2). Exposures In Hong Kong, there were over 1800 premature deaths and over $US2.5 billion in economic loss caused by air pollution in 2017 alone. The shrinkage of lake areas along the Himalayan Mountains are accounted for by low precipitation coupled with high evaporation and limited basin space.

The table indicates the effects on the ER for different df in the smoothing of time, and for multipollutant models. Substantial reductions in air pollution will require sharing of knowledge, international cooperation, increased enforcement and public education about air pollution. Our commentary reaffirms that we need to maintain an unpolluted atmosphere as an essential shared asset of the AP region. In addition, the effects from PM10 appear to be consistent in multipollutant models.

The number of knots determines the overall smoothness of the fit. Existing air pollution monitoring information and recent exposure assessments suggest that 6 to 10 million residents of Bangkok, Thailand, are exposed to levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) that are as high as or higher than those in NAWE cities. 2003), whereas a study of 29 European cities yielded an estimate of 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4–0.7%) (Katsouyanni et al. Table 4 summarizes the effects of different lags of PM10 on several mortality outcomes. Drawing upon the collective work of the Indian Nitrogen Group, this reference book helps solve the challenges associated with providing reliable estimates of nitrogen transfers within different ecosystems, also presenting the next steps that should be taken in the development of balanced, cost-effective, and feasible strategies to reduce the amount of reactive nitrogen.

Under current climates and future climate change, the shrinkage of glaciers and the enlargement of lakes may be expected to continue to accelerate The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, and Management Options and Policies provides a reference for anyone interested in Reactive N, from researchers and students, to environmental managers.