[139][140], Christianity and Druze are Abrahamic religions that share a historical traditional connection with some major theological differences. After Jumblatt’s assassination in 1977, his son Walid took over the political leadership of the Druze community in Lebanon. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. The Druzes do not recognize any religious hierarchy. Bashar Tarabieh "Education, Control and Resistance in the Golan Heights". One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India.[81]. [citation needed] The movement culminated with the 1859–60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes.

Although the Druze consider ad-Darazī a heretic,[44] the name has been used to identify them. Later, under the Ottoman, they were severely attacked at Saoufar in the 1585 Ottoman expedition, after the Ottomans claimed that they assaulted their caravans near Tripoli. Lebanon and Syria are home to an estimated 90% of all Druze people in the world. These layers, according to the Druze, are as follows: Druze do not believe that the esoteric meaning abrogates or necessarily abolishes the exoteric one. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the Middle East, and consider themselves to be monotheistic. The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups:[150][dubious – discuss], A 2016 study based on testing samples of Druze in the Syria (region) in comparison with ancient humans (including Anatolian and Armenian), and on Geographic Population Structure (GPS) tool by converting genetic distances into geographic distances, concluded that Druze might hail from the Zagros Mountains and the surroundings of Lake Van in eastern Anatolia, then they later migrated south to settle in the mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon and Israel. In the outcome of the revolt, 2,000 Druze were killed, a similar number wounded, and hundreds of Druze fighters imprisoned. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling the reputation of the Druze.

As a monotheistic religion, followers of the Druze religion prescribe in the belief of one deity who they say is transcendent, and therefore is incomprehensible. [148], These findings are consistent with the Druze oral tradition, that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years. [96][page needed] Other notable communities live in the Harim Mountains, the Damascus suburb of Jaramana, and on the southeast slopes of Mount Hermon. The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the Wadi al-Taym in Southern Lebanon, which is named after an Arab tribe Taymour-Allah (formerly Taymour-Allat) which, according to Islamic historian al-Tabari, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the Euphrates where they had been Christianized prior to their migration into the Lebanon. [60][61][page needed], Little information is known about the early life of al-Darazi. Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement in order to infiltrate the Druze community.

[44] As a result, the faith went underground, in hope of survival, as those captured were either forced to renounce their faith or be killed.

In 1017 the doctrine was publicly preached for the first time, causing riots in Cairo. The civil war of 1860 cost the Christians some ten thousand lives in Damascus, Zahlé, Deir al-Qamar, Hasbaya, and other towns of Lebanon. The order's meetings were held in the Raydan Mosque, near the Al-Hakim Mosque.[57]. Cruciani in 2007 found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) [a subclade of E1b1b1a (E-M78)] in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze Arab lineages. At independence the Druze, made confident by their successes, expected that Damascus would reward them for their many sacrifices on the battlefield.

In 1018, ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Druze make pilgrimages to this site on the holiday of Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb. Unlike the spiritual leaders, the authority of the Shaykh al-ʻAql is limited to the country he is elected in, though in some instances spiritual leaders are elected to this position. [78][page needed] As a result of the Ottoman experience with the rebellious Druze, the word Durzi in Turkish came, and continues, to mean someone who is the ultimate thug. 2004). Each major prophet had seven minor prophets, and each minor prophet had twelve disciples. The clashes ranged from Antioch to Alexandria, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army. [78][page needed], Travelers like Niebuhr, and scholars like Max von Oppenheim, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as Arabs. [38] Christianity teaches evangelism, often through the establishment of missions, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts to their faith. Mount Carmel: L 27%, R 27%, J 18%, E 15%, G 12%. The Ma'an tribe, which superseded the Tanukhs and produced the greatest Druze hero, Fakhr-al-Din, had the same traditional origin. Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent Druze leader, enjoyed broad appeal through his charisma. [51][52] The Institute of Druze Studies estimates that 40–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30–40% in Lebanon, 6–7% in Israel, and 1–2% in Jordan. Lebanese Druze are Druze people with Lebanese citizenship. It shall thus become a rule to mankind; and Divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come. Druze soldiers have since fought for Israel in every Arab-Israeli war. [43] The Druze's social customs differ markedly from those of Muslims or Christians, and they are known to form close-knit, cohesive communities which do not fully allow non-Druze in, though they themselves integrate fully in their adopted homelands.

[77], In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the Tanukhs and the Arslans. [107] In 2004, there were 102,000 Druze living in the country. He even produced a cache of Israeli weapons allegedly discovered in the Jabal. [citation needed], The call summoned people to a true unitarian belief that removed all attributes (wise, just, outside, inside, etc.) In 1957, the Israeli government designated the Druze a distinct ethnic community at the request of its communal leaders. The word which is the atom of language communicates qualia between humans and represents the platonic forms in the sensible world.

[145] While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the Haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

They are found in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.[135]. The Sabq and Tali is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it. The holy places and shrines of the Druze are scattered in various villages, in places where they are protected and cared for. [14], The Druze conception of the deity is declared by them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity. Their theology has a Neo-Platonic view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some gnostic and other esoteric sects. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title al-Darazi is Persian in origin, meaning "the tailor". The Druze allow divorce, although it is discouraged; circumcision is not necessary; they cannot be reborn as non-Druze; those who purify and perfect their soul ascend to the stars upon death; when al-Hakim returns, all faithful Druze will join him in his march from China and on to conquer the world;[130] apostasy is forbidden;[131] they usually have religious services on Thursday evenings,[132] and follow Sunni Hanafi law on issues which their own faith has no particular rulings about.[133][134]. [114][page needed] Tajalli is often misunderstood by scholars and writers and is usually confused with the concept of incarnation. 2010). Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad is credited as one of the pioneers of the religion. The word Druzes, in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, occurs as "Dogziyin", but it is clear that this is a scribal error. This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 14:32. Syria has the largest population of adherents of the religion in the world, with about 0.6 million Syrians being identified as Druze.

By the early 11th-century the religion had grown, and in 1014, Hamza visited Egypt where he organized a meeting of leaders and other prominent individuals to establish the doctrines of the faith. The Imad family is named for al-Imadiyyah—the Kurdish town of Amadiya, northeast of Mosul inside Kurdistan, and, like the Jumblatts, is thought to be of Kurdish tribal origin, the Janpulad ("soul of steel") are still found east of Adana in Turkey, across the borders from Syria. The khalwat may be known as majlis in local languages. labeled them as infidels and argued that, even though they might behave like Muslims on the outside, this is no more than a pretense. [65], In an attempt to gain the support of al-Hakim, al-Darazi started preaching that al-Hakim and his ancestors were the incarnation of God. The military balance of power in Syria was tilted in favor of the Druzes, at least until the military build up during the 1948 War in Palestine.

[58], Al-Hakim became a central figure in the Druze faith even though his own religious position was disputed among scholars. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Parmenides, and Empedocles. If I crush the head, the serpent will die." In August 2001, Maronite Catholic Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir toured the predominantly Druze Chouf region of Mount Lebanon and visited Mukhtara, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt.

found that the Israeli Druze people of the Mount Carmel region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM- Haplogroup D, at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.

Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity.