Learn more. [citation needed], Among the Muslim aristocracy of South Asia, the fez is known as the Rumi Topi (which means "hat of Rome or Byzantium"). But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in Egypt, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. His son Kaykaus captured Sinop and made the Empire of Trebizond his vassal in 1214. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals. Learn a new word every day. A rebellion led by Alexius I Comnenus successfully captured Constantinople, forcing Nicephorus to abdicate on April 4, 1081.  | Last modifications, Copyright © 2012 sensagent Corporation: Online Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Dictionary definitions and more. 1243: Gradually vassalized to the Mongol Empire after the defeat suffered in the Battle of Köse Dag • 1307: Taken over by the Beylik of Karamanids, Important works: "Institutionalisation of Science in the Medreses of pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Turkey", Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu. Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225. He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo acquired from al-Kamil. The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with ghulams (plural ghilmân, Arabic: غِلْمَان‎), enslaved youths taken from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. A distant relative to the Seljuq dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanids in 1328. Important works: Founder: Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Capital: Afyonkarahisar Suleyman was killed in Antioch in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuq ruler of Syria, and Suleyman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned. Palaces and Castles: Seljuk Palace in Konya (1190–1220) •• Kubadabad Palace in Beyşehir (1220–1230) •• Keykubadiye Palace in Kayseri (1220–1230) •• Alanya Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) and Shipyard constructions and widescale extension of Alanya Castle Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117) After the fall of the Byzantine state in the 15th century, the Ottoman Turkish sultan Mehmed II declared himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of the Romans". Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . There are two caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate Rum because it had been established on territory long considered "Roman", i.e. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. Dynasty: Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277) • Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296) • Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300) • Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326) 1398–1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414–1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II. Foreign influence over the Sultanate can be seen in the office of the Greek and Armenian scribes employed by the state chancery and the military office of the kundiṣṭabl (Constable) … Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuq governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutbah in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A war against the Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty of Iran instigated in 1230 by the Rūm sultan ʿAlaʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh (Kaikobad) I led ultimately to the disintegration of Rūm and of Seljuq power. Expansion of the Sultanate c. 1100–1240. "Rumeika" is a Greek dialect identified mainly with the Ottoman Greeks. Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334) • Umur Beg (1334–1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375), This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. Important works: Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbekir, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak.

: Salâjika ar-Rûm).

. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire.

“Sultanate.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sultanate. ○   Anagrams The declining Sultanate of Rûm, vassal of the, Landmarks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Anatolian beyliks, A.C.S. As regards the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in transliterating the Persian-influenced variant of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern Turkish phonology and orthography. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkish power in the Middle East. Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225. Important works: Sâhib Ata Caravanserai in Sultandağı. The most famous early madrasas are the Sunni Niẓāmiyya, founded by the Seljuk vizir Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092) in Iran and Iraq in the 11th century. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2014, DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198708261.001.0001, PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (oxford.universitypressscholarship.com). • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328–1352) • Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380) • Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

[12] The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. Other articles where Sultanate of Rūm is discussed: Seljuq: …their Anatolian domain as the sultanate of Rūm. (The term "Byzantine" is a modern designation to describe the Eastern Roman Empire, particularly after the major political restructuring of the seventh and eighth century.) Important centers and extension: Akşehir • Beyşehir • Sandıklı • Denizli Two years later he declared himself sultan of an independent Seljuq state and established his capital at İznik.[6]. Historical people so designated include the following: The Greek surname Roumeliotis stems from the word Rûm borrowed by Ottomans. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I, took the city with the help of the Danishmends.

The Arabs, therefore, called these pre-Islamic peoples of Turkey, the Balkans, and the Middle East "Rûm", and called their territory "the land of the Rûm", generally referring to what is now Turkey and the Balkans, and called the Mediterranean "the Sea of the Rûm". 1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403) • Hızır Shah (1403–1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as Alâeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as "Alaiye".

Similarly, the medrese built by Kaykhusraw I in Kayseri, within the complex (külliye) dedicated to his sister Gevher Nesibe, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by Izzeddin Keykavus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese.

Seljuq, the ruling military family of the Oguz (Oghuz, or Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. There are two caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387) They continued to cultivate the Islamicate arts, architecture in particular.

1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan Erzincan and Kemah Branch: Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?) Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. The Seljuq state had started to split into small emirates (beyliks) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuq control. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuq dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II, established himself as sultan in Kayseri. What made you want to look up sultanate? Send us feedback. Write it here to share it with the entire community. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Attalia (Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. Külliye (Complexes) and Dar al-Shifa (Medical Centers) and Medrese (Schools) and Mosques: Gevher Nesibe Külliye with Medical Center and Medical School and Mosque in Kayseri (1204–1210) •• Battal Gazi Külliye in Seyitgazi (1208) •• Karatay Medrese in Konya (1225) •• Ince Minaret Medrese in Konya (1258–1279) •• Atabeg Ferruh Darüşşifa in Çankırı (1236) •• Alâeddin Keykubad I Darüşşifa in Konya (1237) •• Torumtay Darüşşifa in Amasya (1266) •• Izzeddin Keykavus I Şifaiye Medrese and Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Sivas (1218) •• Gökmedrese in Sivas (1271) •• Çifte Minaret Medrese in Sivas (1271) •• Alâeddin Mosque in Konya (1220) •• Alâeddin Mosque in Niğde (1220) •• Great Mosque of Malatya in Eskimalatya (Battalgazi) (1224) •• Hüsameddin Temurlu castle, caravanseai and medrese in Kalehisar, Alaca (~1250) •• Havadan Külliye in Develi (~1300) Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302–1345) • Fahreddin Ilyas Bey • Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388) • Hızır Shah (1388–1390) He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades. Suleiman II died in 1204 [17] and was succeeded by his son Kilij Arslan III, whose reign was unpopular. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. He spent the next several years expanding his holdings to the east and to the south and finally was killed at Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by his relative Tutush of the Syrian branch of the Seljuqs, who was loyal….