Black residents of Montgomery often avoided municipal buses if possible because they found the Negroes-in-back policy so demeaning. Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site?

[50]:432 The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. The trial lasted 30 minutes.

After an accident leaves her a paraplegic, a former soap opera star struggles to recover both emotionally and mentally, until she meets her newest nurse, who has struggles of her own. Parks stepped onto his very crowded bus on a chilly day 12 years earlier, paid her fare at the front, then resisted the rule in place for blacks to disembark and re-enter through the back door.
A memorial service was held there the following morning.

Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system.

She left at 16, early in 11th grade, because she needed to care for her dying grandmother and, shortly thereafter, her chronically ill mother. [57], Like many Detroit blacks, Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues.

Parks lived just a mile from the center of the riot that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder. In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. Title:

A single mom takes her family to Georgia for the funeral of her father -- a man she never met. She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide, the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of, 2003: Bus No. …

Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913.

She then moved to a seat, but driver James F. Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door.

Edgar Nixon, the president of the NAACP, said, "My God, look what segregation has put in my hands! [14] In 1945, despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try. When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, "It is always nice to be thought of."[75][76].

[27], After working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a General Motors Old Look bus belonging to the Montgomery City Lines,[30] around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. As appeals and related lawsuits wended their way through the courts, all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, the Montgomery Bus Boycott engendered anger in much of Montgomery’s white population as well as some violence, and Nixon’s and Dr. King’s homes were bombed.

Parks—who had lost her job and experienced harassment all year—became known as “the mother of the civil rights movement.”, READ MORE: Rosa Parks’ Life After the Bus Was No Easy Ride. Rosa moved to Montgomery, Alabama, at age 11 and eventually attended high school there, a laboratory school at the Alabama State Teachers’ College for Negroes. [70][71][72][73], Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high-rise apartment building. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African-American. 1982: California State University, Fresno, awarded Parks the African-American Achievement Award. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess.

She learned from a newspaper of the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend.

When she died at age 92 on October 24, 2005, she became the first woman in the nation’s history to lie in state at the U.S. Capitol.

Did you know? There, her clan is introduced to the crass, fun-loving Brown family. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. [55], Parks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma-to-Montgomery Marches, the Freedom Now Party,[14] and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization.

Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites.
When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent-free in the building for the remainder of her life. Hurt and badly shaken, Parks called a friend, who called the police. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional; the boycott ended December 20, a day after the Court’s written order arrived in Montgomery. [77] It was her last appearance on film; Parks began to suffer from health problems due to old age. The 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life.

After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. "[10], One day in 1943, Parks boarded a bus and paid the fare. A neighborhood manhunt led to Skipper's capture and reported beating.

No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.

Twelve years later, on December 1, 1955, on her way home from a long day of work as a department store ...read more, It was an electric day in Detroit for those passing through Cobo Hall at a NAACP celebration dinner in April of 1995. A Louisiana juke joint owner loses her star entertainer and hires a white singer to fill in. In February 1987, she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the "Pathways to Freedom" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming. In 2002, Parks received an eviction notice from her $1,800 per month (equivalent to $2,600 in 2019) apartment for non-payment of rent.

Nonetheless, 70 percent or more riders on a typical day were black, and on this day Rosa Parks was one of them. READ MORE: Before the Bus, Rosa Parks Was a Sexual Assault Investigator. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. Angela Bassett portrays Rosa Parks, and Cicely Tyson a supporting role as her mother. [16]:690, In August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi. [23], In 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977, and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November.

Although Raymond had previously discouraged her out of fear for her safety, in December 1943, Rosa also joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and became chapter secretary.

Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter.

"[31], By Parks' account, Blake said, "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats.