Consensus Panel on Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies. pointed out, the increasing availability of genetic information and technology means that patients and families will be learning more about their genetic identity and beliefs related to this identity.

Another emerging ethical issue with regard to informed consent is the possibility of testing children using predictive, genetic screening for adult-onset diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Genetic testing is increasingly used across the life continuum for screening, diagnosis, and determining the best treatment of diseases. Carrier status findings that are obtained incidentally through the newborn screening process should be given only to parents who have had previous counseling and who have given their consent (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001; Institute of Medicine, 1994). Federal Register, 72, 166, 49290 49297.

An informed consent process, on the other hand, would involve discussion with the parents about the risks, benefits, and limitations of newborn screening before agreeing to the testing. A new area of genetic and genomic research is called genome-wide association studies (GWAS). treatment. There is concern voiced that some insurers may choose not to insure people who are healthy but genetically pre-disposed to future disease onset (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2007).

(2007).

Genomic healthcare and the application of genomic technologies lead to further, and more complex, ethical challenges. Confidentiality refers to the nurses obligation to protect, and not to disclose, personal information provided in confidence to another. Cassells, J.M., Jenkins, J., Lea D.H., Calzone K., & Johnson E. (2003).

Genetic research is now leading to a better understanding of the genetic components of common diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and stroke, and creating new, gene-based technologies for screening, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of both rare and common diseases.

Retrieved on November 9, 2007 from the National Human Genome Research Institute, http://www.genome.gov/17516574. The increased availability of personal genetic information also challenges nurses to understand the ethical issues associated with activities such as informed decision making, informed consent and genetic testing, genetic and genomic research testing protection, maintaining privacy and confidentiality of genetic information, preventing genetic discrimination, and strengthening genetic and genomic care around the world.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. (2007). 16 Genetics and Genomics in Professional Nursing Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN OBJECTIVES After completion of this chapter, the reader will be able to: • Define genomic health care. Currently expanding areas include newborn screening and genetic testing of children. Genetic discrimination was identified early on in the Human Genome Project by the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications program at the National Human Genome Research Institute as an ethical issue that needed to be addressed before the benefits of the Human Genome Project could be fully implemented. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

American Nurses Association (2001). A child diagnosed with a genetic condition may face lowered self-esteem and risk insurance and employment discrimination. Nurses worldwide are encouraged to work towards incorporating these competencies into nursing education, healthcare, and research. In addition to heritable, biological information, family history, genetic test results, and medical records are also sources of genetic information (Jenkins & Lea, 2005). When it is necessary to request information from the patient, it is important that the nurse explain the need to request the patients medical information and records so that the most accurate medical information can be obtained and appropriate recommendations can be made. Retrieved on November 9, 2007 from the National Institutes of Health, http://www.genome.gov/10002077, World Health Organization.

Psychological risks for parents who are carriers may include parental guilt. The nurse can be guided by the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) to seek help and counsel from experienced individuals of the Ethics Board within their institution. Dale Halsey Lea is a Board-Certified, genetic counselor with more than 20 years experience in clinical and educational genetics.

Ethical, Legal and Social Implications Research Program ... Genetic Information Privacy | Electronic Frontier Foundation, Thalassemia Treatment Market projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2018 to 2026 – The Daily Chronicle, Mild to severe: Immune system holds clues to virus reaction – ABC News, The immune system: How to boost it and lower your immune age – New Scientist News, Strong activation of anti-bacterial cells of immune system linked to severe Covid-19: Study – Hindustan Times, ETHZ-led group shows that nervous system directly influences immune system – Optics.org.

New genomic discoveries and their applications bring great hope for a more personalized approach to treat disease.

This raises the question about whether children screened for adult-onset disorders would want or benefit from such testing (Lerman, Narod, & Schulman, 1996).

Analyze risks/benefits of genetic/genomic tests and ethical issues.

Citation: Lea, D, (January 31, 2008) "Genetic and Genomic Healthcare: Ethical Issues of Importance to Nurses" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Nurses Ethical Issue in Genetic and Genomic Healthcare, The whole world has is faced by many diseases that are common with others being rare and have, become resistant to drugs.

Some features of this site may not work without it. Adapted from: Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines for Genetics and Genomics (Consensus Panel, 2006), National Human Genome Research Institute: Genetics and Genomics for Patients and the Public, Bioethics Resources in Genetics and Genomics National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Human Genome Research Institute: Health Professional Education Resources, Centers for Disease Control National Office of Public Health Genomics, Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN E-mail: lead@mail.nih.gov. Nurses should know of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), an Act that is currently before the United States Senate. Genetics nursing is a nursing specialty that focuses on providing genetic healthcare to patients..

Genetics and public health in the 21 st century: Using genetic information to improve health and prevent disease. Nurses practicing in primary healthcare settings and specialty care, such as oncology, will continue to be involved in obtaining and reviewing patient family histories.

(2006).

Nurses Ethical Issues in Genetic and Genomic Healthcare Abstract A lot of research aimed at understanding genetic composition of various diseases that are common as well as rare in human beings such as stroke, cancer, anemia, diabetes amongst others has been carried out (Lea, 2008).

Data banks of DNA are being established, and genetic disease registries also exist. Ventolin is used for - Ventolin gsk recall - What are the drugs called that are used to dilate the walls of the bronchi and treat asthma - Laughlin... Genome editing: a broad perspective on a precision technology - PHG Foundation, The world's first Gattaca baby tests are finally here - MIT Technology Review, A short guide to regulation for disruptive technologies - Lexology, Mirza Dinnayi's Aid to Terror Victims Recognized with Aurora Prize - The Armenian Mirror-Spectator, Global Carrier Screening Market to reach $2.93 billion by 2029 according to a new research report - WhaTech - WhaTech. Governmental agencies can assist nurses in promoting genetic and genomic healthcare around the world. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 1233-1241. Individual concerns include worries that genetic information may be used to deny or limit insurance coverage or to determine who is hired or fired.

National Human Genome Research Institute.

Training. Nursing involvement in genetic testing has expanded to specialties such as oncology, with genetic testing now available for hereditary breast, ovarian, and other cancers. BioReference Laboratories and GeneDx to Present at NSGC 2019, Demonstrating Commitment to Genetic Counselors and the Research of Rare Genetic... Ethics: The Challenge of Ethical, Legal, and Social ... Top 5 ethical issues in medicine - The Hippocratic Post.

(2005).

Nurses share the responsibility with other healthcare providers to protect clients and their families against the misuse of their genetic information.